Haitian paramilitary and secret police force created in 1959 by dictator François Duvalier. Known for brutality, state terrorism, and assassinations, it was renamed the Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale in 1970. Formally disbanded in 1986, but members continued terrorizing the country. Responsible for 30,000-60,000 deaths.
CRIMENET has extracted 2 linkages for this organization, including 2 other connections and footprints in 2 countries.
FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the Haitian state and had offices present in New York City , Montreal , and Miami until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994.
FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the Haitian state and had offices present in New York City , Montreal , and Miami until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994.