Black Hand

Also known as: Mano Nera
Based in United StatesDefunctEarly 1900sSourcesMano Nera (estorsione)

The Black Hand was a collection of extortion gangs operating within Italian immigrant communities in early 20th-century American cities. Originating in the early 1900s, the groups sent threatening letters marked with a black hand symbol, demanding money under threat of death or injury. The practice spread from New York to Chicago, San Francisco, and New Orleans, often perpetrated by Sicilian and Neapolitan criminals. Notable leaders included Giuseppe Morello, Ignazio Lupo, Enrico Alfano, and Pellegrino Morano. The Black Hand was eventually targeted by police officer Joe Petrosino.

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ItalyOperations
The Black Hand carried out a massacre in Pellaro, near Reggio Calabria, Italy, killing Giuseppe Ruvolino and his family.
Sources: Mano Nera (estorsione)